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Two Concepts of Liberty
''Two Concepts of Liberty'' was the inaugural lecture delivered by the liberal philosopher Isaiah Berlin before the University of Oxford on 31 October 1958. It was subsequently published as a 57-page pamphlet by Oxford at the Clarendon Press. It also appears in the collection of Berlin's papers entitled ''Four Essays on Liberty'' (1969) and was more recently reissued in a collection entitled simply ''Liberty'' (2002).〔Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press, 1969. Superseded by Liberty.〕
The essay, with its analytical approach to the definition of political concepts, re-introduced the study of political philosophy to the methods of analytic philosophy. It is also one of Berlin's first expressions of his ethical ontology of value-pluralism. Berlin defined negative liberty (as the term "liberty" was used by Thomas Hobbes 〔Isaiah Berlin, (Oxford 2004) ''Liberty'', page 170〕) as the absence of coercion or interference with agents' possible private actions, by an exterior social-body. He also defined it as a comparatively recent political ideal, which re-emerged in the late 17th century, after its slow and inarticulate birth in the Ancient doctrines of Antiphon the Sophist, the Cyrenaic discipleship, and of Otanes after the death of pseudo-Smerdis.〔Isaiah Berlin, (Oxford 2004) ''Liberty'', page 33〕 In an introduction to the essay, Berlin writes:
"As for Otanes, he wished neither to rule nor to be ruled — the exact opposite of Aristotle's notion of true civic liberty... (ideal ) remains isolated and, until Epicurus, undeveloped... the notion had not explicitly emerged".〔Isaiah Berlin, (Oxford 2004) ''Liberty'', ''Five Essays on Liberty: An Introduction'', page 33-4〕
==Summary==
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